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Brexit: What steps could Theresa May take next?

What do the previous leaders of the UK think about Brexit?
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By Aubrey Allegretti, political reporter

The future of Brexit is far from certain - with Theresa May under pressure from all sides to alter her Brexit agreement to avoid the UK crashing out of the EU with no deal.

Fresh back from Brussels, the prime minister faces lobbying from all sides: the cabinet, her party and parliament - as well as a former prime minister.

So, what are the options before her?

:: Plough ahead with the current deal

Theresa May
Image: The prime minister struck a deal in Brussels last month

Mrs May and Brussels both insist the divorce deal struck between EU leaders last month is the best - and only - agreement.

But MPs are unlikely to ratify it in its current state, with the prime minister pulling a vote on it fearing a "significant" defeat.

She has promised to get legal "assurances" that the Irish backstop will not last indefinitely, despite the EU giving none away in a summit this weekend.

More on Brexit

The self-imposed deadline for a new vote is 21 January.

Labour is demanding one before Christmas, but is unlikely to try a "no confidence" vote to oust Mrs May before the ballot on the deal.

:: A second referendum

Pro-Europe speakers, politicians and celebrities pose on stage for a photograph at a rally for Best for Britain and People's Vote campaign in London on December 9, 2018, on the eve of the week in which Parliament votes on the Brexit deal. (Photo by Daniel LEAL-OLIVAS / AFP) (Photo credit should read DANIEL LEAL-OLIVAS/AFP/Getty Images)
Image: A second referendum has found cross-party support

The option most resisted by Downing Street is another referendum on the UK's terms of exit from the EU.

There are multiple formats proposed, including:

  • Leave vs Remain
  • Remain vs government's deal vs no deal
  • Do you approve the government's deal - yes or no?

The "People's Vote" campaign, born out of the old Stronger In group, has managed to persuade MPs from across the political parties to back the cause.

Supporters include Tony Blair, Conservative MPs Jo Johnson and Anna Soubry, Labour MPs Chucka Umunna and Chris Leslie as well as the Green and Liberal Democrat parties.

But it still faces significant opposition from the government. Even former foreign secretary Boris Johnson sided with Mrs May, saying another poll would provoke "instant, deep and ineradicable feelings of betrayal".

The prime minister will reiterate her stance in a speech on Monday, declaring that: "Another vote would further divide our country at the very moment we should be working to unite it."

:: Non-binding votes in parliament

MPs will vote on whether or not they approve the withdrawal agreement
Image: MPs could be given a series of non-binding free votes to test the appetite for alternatives

One idea to break the deadlock in parliament is to hold a series of non-binding free votes on alternative Brexit options.

This would test the temperature for MPs to see what - if anything - there is a majority for in parliament.

And it would reduce the risk of Mrs May's deal being rejected in a single, shock vote.

Some of the options MPs say could be considered are Norway and Canada-style deals, as well as edging close to no deal.

:: No deal

One of the first batch of no-deal Brexit preparation papers, which have been published by the government, is read on a computer screen in London.
Image: A series of mini-deals could be struck under a no deal Brexit

Of course the UK is on track to leave the EU automatically on 29 March 2019.

If an agreement is not passed in parliament, it will automatically revert to a "no deal" exit.

One way MPs think this could be mitigated is by overseeing a "managed no deal".

That would see the UK trade on World Trade Organisation rules, with a series of mini-deals struck to mitigate the biggest problems.