Canada election 2025: Who could win and how big an influence is Donald Trump?
The Canadian federal election was called against the backdrop of a trade war with the US and threats from Donald Trump to make Canada part of America. As the country gears up to head to the polls, here is everything you need to know.
Monday 28 April 2025 09:37, UK
Canadians are heading to the polls to choose a new prime minister.
Mark Carney, who is the former governor of the Bank of England, announced the snap election on 23 March after he replaced Justin Trudeau as leader.
Mr Trudeau left the job after growing calls to step down from his MPs amid poor showings in opinion polls.
While the next election always seemed like a clear-cut race for the opposition Conservatives, who had enjoyed a double-digit lead over the Liberals before Mr Trudeau resigned, it has turned into a much tighter race against the backdrop of a trade war with the US and threats from Donald Trump to make Canada part of America.
Here is everything you need to know as the race to become Canada's next prime minister heats up.
What political parties are in the running?
There are four main political parties in Canada: Liberal, Conservative, New Democratic Party and Bloc Quebecois.
Out of these, only two - Liberal and Conservative - have the chance to get the 172 seats needed to form a majority government.
Similarly to how elections work in the UK, Canada uses the first-past-the-post electoral system. Canadians will vote for the MP of their local area - known as ridings or electoral districts.
The main parties are bidding for a majority of the 343 seats in Canada's House of Commons, with the leader of the party with a majority in parliament becoming prime minister.
If no party ends up with an overall majority of seats, the result is known as a hung parliament or a minority government.
So what do the Liberal and Conservative leaders stand for?
Mark Carney - Liberal Party
Mr Carney was voted by the Liberal Party to take over as Canadian leader after the resignation of Mr Trudeau, winning 85.9% of the party's vote.
On paper, the 60-year-old is a political novice, with no previous election campaign experience. He also did not serve in Mr Trudeau's government.
But, as Sky News international correspondent John Sparks says, what Mr Carney lacks in politics, he makes up for in finance and public service.
As head of the Bank of Canada, he helped navigate the country through the 2008 financial crash. In 2013, he also became the first non-citizen of the UK to run the Bank of England, helping to manage the impact of Brexit.
"He is a man who might as well have the word 'expert' tattooed on his forehead," Sparks says.
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Since becoming leader of the Liberals, Mr Carney has moved the party more to the right, announcing a middle-class tax cut and scrapping Mr Trudeau's signature carbon tax and reversing a capital gains tax increase - but remains broadly committed to combating climate change and addressing other problems such as housing.
He has also promised to counter Chinese foreign interference threats, calling China Canada's biggest security threat.
The Conservatives argue Mr Carney will not bring about change, as he is surrounded by many of the same Liberals who served in Mr Trudeau's cabinet.
Polls show, however, that Canadians believe Mr Carney is the better choice to negotiate with Mr Trump, Sky News US correspondent James Matthews says.
Mr Carney implemented 25% retaliatory tariffs on US goods after the US president placed a 25% tariff on Canadian exports to the US, 10% on energy product exports and 25% on steel and aluminium products.
"We must respond with both purpose and force," Mr Carney said.
Matthews says Mr Carney's robust response to Trump's antagonism harnessed a growth in Canadian nationalism.
His growth in popularity contrasts sharply with the fortunes of his Conservative Party rival.
Pierre Poilievre - Conservative Party
Conservative leader Pierre Poilievre is Mr Carney's main challenger.
The 45-year-old is a career politician and a populist who says he will put "Canada first". He has been described by Ken Boessenkool, a Conservative who worked for former Canadian prime minister Stephen Harper, as "one of the most incisive and aggressive takedown artists".
After being elected as the youngest member of Canada's parliament in 2004, he quickly rose through the ranks under the Harper administration between 2006 and 2015. He became Conservative leader in 2022.
A skilled political operator, Matthews says - Mr Poilievre had seemed poised to end a decade of Liberal rule, but he has suffered from the "Trump effect".
His conservative politics are seen to be more aligned with the neighbour in the White House. In Canada right now, it's not a good look, says Matthews.
And indeed, Mr Trump's tariffs and threats of annexation have derailed the Conservatives' 25-point lead.
When launching his campaign, Mr Poilievre aimed to distance himself from the US administration, saying his policies, including tax cuts and increased resource production, would bring back investment, helping Canada become more self-reliant and better equipped to stand up to Mr Trump.
He also wants to eliminate much of the Liberals' agenda on climate change, according to national broadcaster CBC.
Mr Carney has criticised his rival as offering "division and Americanism" rather than a unified government that would "stand up" for Canada.
What do the latest polls say?
The Liberals did have a healthy 5.6-point lead over the Conservatives, but polls from 24 April showed their advantage gradually shrinking, as Mr Trump stayed silent on Canada and voters appeared to put their focus back on high living costs.
According to the latest poll by CBC, the Liberals are polling at 42.8%, with the Conservatives at 39.2%. A record 7.3 million Canadians cast ballots before election day.
As it stands, the Liberals are projected to win around 189 seats and have a 70% chance of securing a majority government.
Canada has six different time zones, so polls close at slightly different times across the country.
Votes are then counted manually and the winner of each riding is announced.
A winner will likely be known overnight on 28 April when some media outlets will call the result. The official result will be validated and posted on Elections Canada's website a few days after the polls close.
The 'Trump effect'
"In this election, the question is who is going to face Mr Trump," Mr Carney said during a leaders' debate.
The "Trump effect" has been central to Canadian politics since his own leadership victory and will be a dominant issue when Canada votes, Matthews says.
In a survey for Canadian broadcaster CTV News at the beginning of March, 36% of respondents said Mr Trump is the most important issue to influence their vote. The economy followed closely behind at 29%.
Political psychologist Amanda Bittner told CTV that voters are looking for solutions to problems as well as someone who is best suited to manage the relationship with the Trump administration.
Commenting on the upcoming election shortly after it was announced, Mr Trump told Fox News he does not care if the Liberals win.
He said a Liberal leader would be "easier to deal with", before taking a swipe directly at Mr Poilievre, who he said was "stupidly, no friend of mine".
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Mr Poilievre has actively distanced himself from Mr Trump while on the campaign trail. However, Stewart Prest, a professor at University of British Columbia, says he is limited in how much he can distance himself as a portion of his base also supports the US leader.
He has also been praised by Elon Musk who has played an integral role in the first few months of Mr Trump's administration.
In January, Mr Musk labelled a 2023 interview in which Mr Poilievre is seen getting the upper hand over a journalist as a "masterpiece".
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The importance of Quebec
The Bloc Quebecois party, led by Yves-Francois Blanchet since 2019, promotes the interests of Quebec - Canada's mostly French-speaking province - and only includes candidates from the area.
How Quebec votes could prove to be extremely important in the upcoming election, with the province making up nearly a quarter of the seats in Canada's parliament - 78 to be precise.
It also has a history of voting for different parties, making voting habits of those in Quebec unpredictable in comparison to other areas.
In the last election in 2021, the Bloc under Mr Blanchet was able to rival the Liberals, winning 32 seats to their 35. But going into the polls this time, the Liberals seem to have support from some Quebecers who would typically vote for the Bloc.
According to CBC's poll tracker in April, the Liberals are polling at 43% in Quebec - reflecting the national picture and setting them on course for victory - while the Bloc is tied with the Conservatives at 23%.
Other key issues
Away from Mr Trump, voters will look at how Mr Carney and Mr Poilievre aim to tackle more domestic issues including crime, tax cuts and housing.
Crime
To tackle the large increase in violent crime and property crime seen in Canada since 2019, the Liberals are promising to recruit more police officers and toughen the country's criminal code to make bail laws stricter in cases involving violent and organised crime, home invasions, car theft, and human trafficking.
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The Conservatives want to impose life sentences for anyone who is convicted of five or more counts of human trafficking, importing or exporting 10 or more illegal firearms, and fentanyl trafficking.
Election day is taking place in the aftermath of a vehicle attack in Vancouver in which 11 people, including a five-year-old child, died. Campaigning was suspended for several hours after the tragedy.
Tax cuts
Both the Liberals and Conservatives are proposing tax cuts for people in the lowest tax bracket. Mr Carney is suggesting a cut of 10%, with Mr Poilievre promising 15%.
The Liberals claim a cut of 1% will directly benefit more than 22 million Canadians, with middle and low income people enjoying the biggest savings.
The Conservatives have also promised any person or business selling an asset will pay no capital gains tax - a tax on the profit when you sell something that has increased in value - when they reinvest the proceeds in Canada or reinvest in active Canadian business. It is a move the party hopes will be good for the economy.
Housing
House prices have grown at an average rate of 1.8% year-on-year in Canada since 1982, according to economic database company CEIC Data.
To curb this, the Liberals are aiming to build affordable housing at scale, including on public lands, while providing finance to innovative prefabricated home builders and scrapping the tax on first-time buyers on properties at or under C$1m (£540,000).
The Conservatives want to get rid of the sales tax on new homes under C$1.3m, which they say will save home buyers up to C$65,000 (£35,000).