Representatives from nearly 200 countries have agreed at COP28 to a landmark deal to start "transitioning" away from fossil fuels - but the language was watered down from a "phase out". Watch the latest from the conference in our live stream below.
Wednesday 13 December 2023 15:26, UK
That's all our live coverage of COP28 - thank you for following along.
Some will be ending the day happy a "historic" deal has been reached on "transitioning away" from fossil fuels.
Others will be disappointed harsher language was not adopted by the group of 200 countries.
To read more about the deal, you can scroll through this blog or check out our round-up of the conference below...
The EU's commissioner for climate action said "humanity has finally done what is long, long overdue" as the COP28 conference wrapped up.
Wopke Hoekstra said the deal was a "moment of true satisfaction".
The agreement marks "the beginning of the end of fossil fuels", he said.
"I think we did deliver and we did rise to the occasion."
The president of COP28 has told doubters of the climate summit to "think again" after a landmark deal was agreed at the conference in Dubai.
Sultan Ahmed al Jaber said he "feels proud" of the agreement reached.
"This has been a very rich experience for everyone, a good and great experience for all," he told reporters.
"This is a historic, landmark, game changing agreement, and only time will tell."
One of the biggest criticisms of the COP28 deal is that it contains weak language around money for developing countries to help them move to clean energy.
Generally, poorer countries have done less to cause climate change, but are bearing the brunt of its consequences.
Emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are one of the main causes of climate change.
The latest data collected by the Global Carbon Atlas in 2022 shows China is the world's biggest carbon dioxide emitter, producing 11,397 million tonnes.
The US was the second biggest, releasing 5,057 million tonnes into the atmosphere.
Here are the top 10 biggest CO2 emitters in the world.
By Ed Conway, data and economics editor
The last-minute deal agreed at the COP28 summit in Dubai to move away from fossil fuels is being heralded as a major breakthrough.
But while it's the first time these annual climate negotiations have agreed to reduce our reliance on coal, oil and gas, it stops short of what many campaigners had been demanding: a promise to phase out fossil fuel use altogether.
Which raises a question: why? Why couldn't the meeting go one step further and promise to leave all fossil fuels in the ground?
Perhaps the best answer begins somewhere unexpected: with a piece of Lego.
Most Lego bricks are made of a plastic called Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene, or ABS for short. It's a tough thermoplastic, which is to say one of those plastics you can melt down and form back into other shapes again, and it's brilliant at doing all the things Lego bricks need to do.
It's incredibly durable. It can be moulded precisely, with tolerances of within four microns, meaning one brick fits neatly into another.
Finally, it has pretty unbeatable "clutch power", as the company calls it: the bricks stick together robustly but are also pretty easy to pull apart.
But ABS is made, like nearly all plastics, out of chemicals derived from oil and gas.
A few years ago Lego committed to trying to make its blocks not directly from oil but from other feedstocks. After much work it eventually settled upon old plastic bottles - or recycled polyethylene terephthalate, to use the technical term. But, try as it might, it struggled to make this RPET work as well as ABS. The only way to make it perform as well as the old brick - the rigidity, the accuracy, the "clutch" - was to process it and reprocess it, adding a host of additional materials along the way.
A few months ago, it revealed that in practical terms its efforts thus far had failed. Ironically enough, it took more energy to turn those recycled bottles into bricks than it did to take oil and turn it into bricks.
Now, it's still relatively early days. But Lego's efforts are a pretty good reminder of something pretty profound. Like it or not, fossil fuels are remarkably good at what they do.
Back in 2015, nearly every country in the world signed the Paris Agreement.
Under the international treaty, countries are aiming to limit the Earth's temperature increase to 1.5C above pre-industrial levels.
The agreement doesn't specify a particular pre-industrial period, but scientists generally consider it as the years from 1850 to 1900.
This is because it predates the use of fossil fuels and marks the earliest time land and sea temperatures were recorded.
During this period, the average global temperature typically hovered around 13.5C.
While warming of 1.5C over a decades-long period of time is expected to cause some damage, it is thought to be less than if temperatures rose by 2C.
The treaty recommended setting the 1.5C limit as a "defence line" - if the world can keep below it, there is a chance it could avoid more extreme and irreversible climate effects.
You can see how close we are to the 1.5C mark below...
The secretary-general of OPEC - the organisation representing leading oil-producing countries - says the oil industry is in jeopardy without adequate levels of investment.
Haitham Al Ghais congratulated the UAE on the outcome of COP28 in the same statement.
During earlier discussions, OPEC had lobbied against an agreement to "phase out" oil, gas and coal use, arguing that the world could slash emissions without shunning specific fuels.
By Tom Clarke, science and technology editor
The deal passed almost immediately. It is quite remarkable.
I have been to a lot of these summits and I have never seen one end as quickly and as painlessly as that.
There must have been a lot of hard work that went on through the night by the UAE - which has the presidency of this year's COP - to ensure that everyone was pretty much happy with it before it went through.
And it did, quickly. It is a remarkable agreement. For the 30 years this climate summit process has been going on there has been no formal recognition of the fact that if we are going to avoid the most dangerous climate change we have to phase out our use of fossil fuels.
That specific language - phasing them out - didn't quite make it.
It was probably never going to in a region or in a text dominated by fossil fuels - but it did pass, with some slight watering down.
The headline agreement was how we are going to continue efforts globally to get 1.5C of global warming - hopefully no more than that - by the middle of this century.
What was agreed today was a big step forward. It mentioned fossils fuels. It clearly said they have got to go if we are going to get there.
But there were big caveats - "cavernous loopholes" described by some NGOs - that really allow quite a lot of wriggle room.
For example, they describe the importance of transition fuels, and what does that mean? Well, that's natural gas - a little offering there for the rich and gas-rich countries to continue their work.
As things currently stand this agreement only takes us about 30% of the way to avoiding 1.5C of global warming, according to the independent International Energy Agency.
So we are definitely not there yet, but it's a big step forward.
Historic? Yes, the deal mentions fossil fuels.
But possibly historic for the wrong reasons: this was a missed opportunity to phase them out fast enough to avoid that dangerous global warming this process is all about.
By Neville Lazarus, India reporter and producer
India is the third largest emitter of greenhouse gases after China and the US; however, it's far lower than the world average when it comes to per capita.
As the fifth largest economy of the world - which is growing at an annual average of 7% or more - it has to strike a balance between its rapid economic growth, its transition to a greener economy and energy security.
Easier said than done for a country where 75% of its energy production comes from fossil fuel, primarily from coal fuelled plants.
For India, coal is the fix - it just cannot wean itself from the dirty fuel unless there is an equivalent, safe and secure energy source. It is crucial for its industry, commerce, domestic households and agriculture and critical to help lift millions of citizens out of poverty by increased economic activity.
Coal is the fulcrum as the only viable and reliable source.
Production of coal increased 14% this year. According to the World Energy Outlook by the International Energy Agency (IEA), India will witness the largest energy demand growth of any country or region in the world over the next 30 years.
Renewable energy has great potential and scope but is an unreliable constant source.
The US climate envoy is also asked if he was worried at any point that an agreement was not going to be reached.
John Kerry said the last few days of the climate summit were the "most complicated and the most dicey".
"There were times in the last 48 hours when some of us thought this could fail," he said.
Taking aim at some COP28 members, he said "not every country is stepping up" and he is "not convinced" a transition to a no-carbon economy will be done quick enough to avoid the "worst consequences" of climate change.
