What's the beef with farmers' inheritance tax?
As thousands of farmers cry foul over tax measures in the budget, Sky News explains the issues at stake and why they feel so aggrieved.
Thursday 13 February 2025 15:21, UK
Farmers tried to corner the prime minister on a visit to a housing site to protest changes to inheritance tax that will see death duties payable by some farmers on agricultural and business property.
The Treasury estimates the changes, revealed in the budget, will raise up to £520m a year. Farmers and campaigners say they threaten the future of thousands of multi-generational family farms.
Here, we take a look at the issues involved to explain why farmers are angry.
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What is inheritance tax?
Inheritance tax (IHT) is ordinarily payable on estates at 40%. Estates passed to a surviving spouse or civil partner, charity or community sports club are exempt, and there are reliefs on property passed to children, relatives and others.
Estates worth less than £325,000 are not taxed, with a further £175,000 of relief given if a home is left to children or grandchildren, giving a total of £500,000 tax free.
Currently, only around 4% of estates are liable for IHT.
What are the plans for inheritance tax on farmers?
Since 1984 farmers and agricultural land and business owners have been exempt from IHT, thanks to a series of tax "reliefs" that can be applied to estates.
There are two broad categories, both offering 100% relief.
Agricultural Property Relief (APR) covers land and farm buildings, and Business Property Relief (BPR) applies to livestock, machinery such as tractors and combine harvesters, and assets developed to diversify income, such as cottages converted to short-term lets, or farm shops.
From 2026, those 100% reliefs will end for estates worth more than £1m, and be replaced by limited relief for farmers on more generous terms than general IHT.
Estates will receive relief of £1m, with up to £500,000 of additional relief, as with non-farming estates.
If a farm is jointly owned by a couple in a marriage or civil partnership, the relief doubles from £1.5m to £3m.
Any tax owed beyond the level of relief will be charged at 20%, half the standard 40%.
If farms are gifted to family members at least seven years before death no IHT is payable.
Why is the government acting?
Those generous reliefs have made agriculture an attractive investment for those seeking to shelter wealth from the taxman.
Jeremy Clarkson, the UK's highest profile farmer - and an opponent of the government's plans - said as much when promoting his Amazon series about becoming the proprietor of Diddly Squat Farm in Oxfordshire.
"Land is a better investment than any bank can offer. The government doesn't get any of my money when I die. And the price of the food that I grow can only go up," he told the Times.
Mr Clarkson is far from alone. Private and institutional investors, along with so-called "lifestyle" farmers funding purchases from previous careers, like the former Top Gear presenter and his Oxfordshire neighbour, the Blur bassist Alex James, now dominate agricultural land purchases.
Figures from land agents Strutt & Parker show those three categories made up more than half of all agricultural land purchases in England last year, with just 47% bought by traditional farmers.
In the first three-quarters of 2024, the figure went down to 31%, fewer than the 35% of purchases made by private investors. (Strutt & Parker stress that less than 1% of land changes hands every year and the majority remains in the hands of farmers and traditional landowners.)
The most valuable estates also receive the lion's share of tax relief.
Analysis by the Resolution Foundation shows 6% of estates worth more than £2.5m claimed 35% of APR, and 4% of the most valuable accounted for 53% of BPR in 2020.
In the budget, the Treasury said "it is not fair or sustainable for a very small number of claimants each year to claim such a significant amount of relief".
Sir Keir Starmer has also said the move is necessary to stabilise the public finances.
Speaking in February 2025 after he had to cancel a visit to a housing estate because of a protest by farmers, the prime minister said he has had to make "tough choices" and people at home "will know what they would prefer".
"Do they want their waiting lists to come down, do they want their mortgages to come down, the economy to start working for everyone? That is what we are trying to achieve," he said.
"Or do we want to give tax breaks for farmers? We can't have both."
Protesting farmers, though, have branded the prime minister "Starmer the farmer harmer".
How many farms does the government say will be affected?
The government says around a quarter of farms will be impacted by the changes, based on the annual tally of claims for Agricultural Property Relief and Business Property Relief made in the event of a farm owner's death.
The latest figures for APR, for 2021-22, show that for estates worth more than £1m and therefore potentially exposed to the new regime, there were 462 claims, 27% of the total.
More than 340 claims were in the £1m-£2.5m band, with 37 claims from estates claiming more than £5m of relief, at an average of £6.35m.
For Business Property Relief, which also includes shares held on unlisted markets including the London AIM market, there were 552 claims for more than £1m, or 13% of the total, with 63 claims worth more than £5m in relief, at an average value of £8m.
While ministers insist smaller farms will be protected, the merging of APR and BPR seems certain to increase the value of estates for IHT purposes. New tractors and combine harvesters are six-figure investments, and farmers say rising land values mean the reliefs are less generous than the government maintains.
What do farmers say?
Farmers and campaigners say the government's figures are far too low.
The Country Landowners Association estimates 70,000 farms could be affected, a figure reached by multiplying average arable land value by the average farm size that they conceded should be treated with caution.
The National Farmers' Union points to figures from the Department for Environment, Farming and Rural Affairs, which show 49% of farms in England had a net value of more than £1.5m. On that basis, almost 50,000 farm owners may need to consult an accountant.
The NFU's central point is that the economics of farming mean levying inheritance tax could be ruinous for many.
While farmers and agricultural landowners are asset-rich - courtesy of their land, property and equipment - they are cash-poor.
Average income in every category of cropping farms declined in 2023, with cereals revenue falling by 200% year-on-year, and average earnings across the board of less than £50,000.
For farms with meagre incomes facing hefty IHT bills and no tax planning, land sales may be the only option.
That could be terminal for some family dynasties, but it would make IHT the final straw, rather than the root cause in an industry that, for far too many farmers, simply does not pay.